On the evening of October 30, 1916, a small boatload of Wobblies arrived at the Everett City Dock with the intention of speaking on the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore avenues. A series of photographs submitted at trial (re-enactments taken in the winter of 1916-1917) are now in the Everett Public Library's collection and are the only surviving views that show the Everett City Dock as it was at the time of the Massacre. Two hundred citizen deputies under Sheriff McRae's authority gathered at the Everett City Dock at west end of Hewitt Avenue to stop their debarkation. The incident known as the Everett Massacre was a bloody confrontation that occurred when a boatload of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) members attempted to land on an Everett dock. Le procès d'espionnage à Chicago en 1918. Lors de la bataille des Ardennes, débordés par l'avancée allemande, les 11 G.I's sont capturés par une unité de la Waffen-SS. On that day a group of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), also known as Wobblies, traveled from Seattle to Everett aboard the steamers Verona and Calista , intending to speak at the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore avenues in support of a strike by local shingle-weavers. Tracy stood trail for the murder of the deputies--a crime for which he was ultimately acquitted. Were deputies Curtis and Beard killed by friendly fire? Were the deputies drunk when they met the ships, as was said in stories passed down through families? Teamster Thomas H. Tracy was first to be tried, for the murder of Jefferson Beard. The Everett Prisoners' Defense Committee's account of the events leading up to the Everett Massacre, includes eyewitness accounts. AFL members were skilled workers proud of their individual craft unions, the result being that there might be a dozen craft unions in one plant, while the unskilled workers belonged to no union at all. A shot was fired, followed by several minutes of gunfire that killed at least five Wobblies and two deputies. Workers usually put in 10-hour shifts, and early twentieth-century technology brought machines that were designed for efficient production, not safety. Who fired first? Once proud to call itself the "City of Smokestacks," Everett was built as an industrial city, heavily funded by East Coast investments. Online resources and support are available 24/7! Unshielded saws ran fast and the mill interiors were dark and damp. As cedar was cut, sawdust rose in clouds and filled workers' lungs, causing a condition commonly referred to as "cedar asthma." 1501 on February 18, 1913. The Shingle Weavers Union was strong in good times and weak when the economy slumped. Snohomish County Deputy Jefferson Beard was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Everett. On August 19, 1916, mill owner Neil Jamison (Jamison Mill) brought in strike breakers who clubbed the strikers at his mill. There’s so much I couldn’t include, I decided to share it by annotating Walker C. Smith’s The Everett Massacre with biographies, maps, interviews, animations, and more. 1868), Snohomish County Sheriff, Railroad cattleguard where Wobblies were beaten by Snohomish County deputies, Beverly Park, 1916, Courtesy Everett Public Library, Oscar Carlson Exhibit, Jefferson Beard (1871-1916), Snohomish County Deputy Sheriff, Industrial Workers of the World sticker, 1916, Jack Leonard Miller, one of the 74 Wobblies arrested after the Everett Massacre, November 1916, Courtesy Everett Public Library (Wobbly prisoner 4863), J. F. Billings, 35-year-old cook and IWW member beaten on October 30 at Everett; returned on the day of the Everett Massacre, Everett, November 1916, Courtesy Everett Public Library (Wobbly Prisoner 4837), John "Red" Downs, 28-year-old sailor and IWW member beaten on October 30 at Everett; returned on the day of the Everett Massacre, Everett, November 1916, Courtesy Everett Public Library (Wobbly Prisoner 4843), Funeral procession for Everett Massacre victims Hugo Gerlot, John Looney, and Felix Baran, Seattle, November 15, 1916, Deathmasks of Hugo Gerlot, Abraham Rebenovitz, Gus Johnson, Felix Baran, John Looney, victims of Everett Massacre, November 5, 1916, Postcard, Courtesy UW Special Collections (em32f), Felix Baran funeral, Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Seattle, November 18, 1916, Courtesy UW Special Collections (UW11504), Memorial to IWW members killed in 1916 Everett Massacre, Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Seattle, 1980s. As the 300 IWW members arrived at Everett on the afternoon of November 5, 1916, they were met by a crowd of local police and over 200 armed and "deputized" citizen vigilantes. Members of Everett Citizens' Committee Killed and Injured in Battle with I.W.W. He was also arrested, and was followed by other Wobbly orators. For many, this led to a slow and agonizing death. The IWW members had returned after IWW organizers had been run out of town and beaten by business owner vigilantes due to their support of a shingle weavers' strike. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion A family living nearby was startled by the shouts, curses, cries, and moans they heard and came to witness the brutal scene. The incident known as the Everett Massacre was a bloody confrontation that occurred when a boatload of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) members attempted to land on an Everett dock. Meanwhile, events in Spokane were to affect Everett. Also known as "Bloody Sunday". During the course of the Normandy Campaign … The IWW boat almost capsized, dislodging IWW passengers into the water, some of whom were shot and some of whom probably drowned. Comme en témoigne Stackelbeck, au cours des fouilles exploratoires l'équipe a découvert des marches taillées dans le charnier ainsi que des preuves montrant que les cercueils avaient été empilés les uns sur les autres. En 1916, Vanderveer défendit les Wobblies accusés de cette grève et de ce massacre [1]. Interpretive exhibit examining the historical and cultural context of the the Industrial Workers of the World Photograph Collection at the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. On May 1, 1916, Everett's shingle weavers went on strike, and Marsh himself headed the strike committee. Le massacre de Verden est un événement marquant des guerres saxonnes au cours duquel le roi franc Charlemagne, qui réclamait la suzeraineté sur la Saxe, ordonna la mort de plus de 4 500 Saxons en octobre 782. The Everett Massacre stood as a big win for the IWW, and the Wobblies issued a series of postcards to remember its martyrs: photos of bodies of the Wobbly dead, their death masks, the funeral ceremony in Seattle, and political cartoons by artists Morris Pass (1894-1990) and Leon S. Chumley (1885-1938). Norman Clark, Mill Town: A Social History of Everett, Washington (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970); Walker C. Smith, The Everett Massacre (Chicago: I.W.W. The death blow came to the Wobblies during World War I. James Thompson's prediction of the U.S. empire's demise did not sit well with the country's growing mood of nationalism. As with the individual trades unions, IWW strength rose and fell with the economy. Hewitt Avenue, looking west, Everett, ca. The Wobblies' passive-resistance tactics in Spokane were so effective that on March 9, 1910, the Spokane City Council voted unanimously to repeal the ordinance. Elles débutent le 8 mai 1945. Oscar Carlson, who was not a member of the IWW,  was shot 11 times and sued the steamboat company for his injuries. In a report  to the State Federation of Labor, Marsh wrote, “There can be no excuse for, nor extenuation of, such an inhuman method of punishment” (Smith, 69-70). In the battle's aftermath, 5  IWW members were confirmed dead--though the number may have been as many as a dozen--and 27 were wounded. Eventually all of the prisoners were released except for one IWW leader: Thomas Tracy. 1746, which was clearly intended as a punctuation mark to show that the authorities meant business. However, it became clear that the Everett crowd was better armed in the ensuing ten-minute gun fight. The dramatic and much-publicized trial of Thomas Tracy was held in Seattle, and what is popularly known of the proceedings comes from Walker C. Smith, a Socialist writer and editor and a leading member of the IWW. Wobblies Hugo Gerlot (1893-1916); Abraham Rebenovitz, often misspelled "Rabinowitz" (1886-1916); Gustav Johnson (1894-1916); and John Looney (1891-1916) lay dead on the Verona's deck. In September of 1916 Everett passed a new and sterner ordinance, No. They were met by more than 200 armed deputies authorized by Sheriff McRae and were told they could only speak at a location away from the center of town. - Photo de droite : "Baptême par l'immersion dans la piscine de l'église de … Among the targets of the Wobblies were 31 employment agencies that had set up shop in the city to sell work to transient and casual workers at the rate of a dollar a job. Everett became one of the strongest union towns in the Pacific Northwest. This tactic had proved successful in several other campaigns in different US locales, sometimes establishing a precedent of non-harassment for public speaking by local authorities. When Sheriff McCrae pulled Thompson down from the soapbox and dragged him away, James Rowan took his place. Trouvez les Everett Massacre images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Le massacre de Wereth,, est un crime de guerre commis le 17 décembre 1944 par des soldats allemands au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur onze soldats afro-américains du 333 e bataillon d'artillerie (en). They called on their membership nationwide to come to Spokane to test the ordinance, and soon Spokane's jails were full of IWW protestors, with more on the way. With the plethora of violence in our modern-day world, it is intriguing to consider why the Everett Massacre still draws the interest of students, historians, writers, filmmakers, and dramatists. Some lost their lives in accidents, but more fell victim to cedar dust. Deputies Jefferson Beard (1871-1916) and Charles Curtis (d. 1916) lay dying on the dock, and 20 others, including Sheriff McRae, were wounded. In the battle's aftermath, 5  IWW members were confirmed dead--though the number may have been as many as a dozen--and 27 were wounded. Courtesy Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies, University of Washington, Body of Felix Baran, killed in the Everett Massacre, morgue, Everett, November 5, 1916, Courtesy UW Special Collections (SOC3830), John Looney, Hugo Gerlot, Felix Baran and Abraham Rabinowitz, victims of Everett Massacre, November 5, 1916, Courtesy UW Special Collections (SOC3835), Body of Gus Johnson, killed in the Everett Massacre, November 5, 1916, Courtesy UW Special Collections (SOC3836), Body of Abraham Rabinowitz, victims of Everett Massacre, November 5, 1916, Courtesy UW Special Collections (SOC3833), Poster commemorating Everett Massacre, November 5, 1916, Poster by Morris Pass, Courtesy Everett Public Library (WorkersRemember), IWW supporters honor Everett Massacre victims, Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Seattle, May 1, 1917, Your browser does not support HTML 5 audio element, Former cannery worker Elof Norman describes his experiences during the Everett Massacre, in an oral history recorded by David Dilgard, 1974, IWW member Jack Leonard Miller describes what he saw on board the Verona during the Everett Massacre, in an interview with Jim Casey, 1986, Labor Day Parade, Everett, September 4, 1916, Silent film by Arthur T. Lambson and Lambson Film Exchange, Courtesy Everett Public Library. He was an active member of the IWW. Mill owners were tough businessmen like David Clough (1846-1924), Roland Hartley (1864-1952), Fred Baker, and timber boss Joe Irving (1868-1953). Publishing Bureau, 1918? Part of it may be the event's cast of larger-than-life characters, and some may draw a parallel to current times, with the increasingly unequal distribution of wealth. The Snohomish County sheriff at this time was Donald McRae, a former shingle weaver who had been elected on the Progressive Party ticket with strong union support. The Calista did not try to land. She too was hauled away, followed by Jake Michel, who was arrested and released. UW Libraries COVID-19 Updates. The Everett Massacre of  Sunday, November 5, 1916, has been called the bloodiest labor confrontation in Northwest history. Another, Felix Baran (1894-1916), lay dying. But shingle mills were highly dangerous places. Shingle weaver showing amputation injuries common to trade, n.d. Donald McRae (b. Some advocated pushing for revolution and others, saddened by the tragedy that was playing out in Russia, longed for something better. En juin 1940, des milliers de combattants africains ont été assassinés en France par l'armée allemande. After relating the events that led up to the November 5th confrontation, Smith followed the court proceedings and recounts the testimony of numerous witnesses, bringing the trial, with its many memorable characters, to life. For reproductions, contact the Northwest Room. It is not clear which side fired first, since both sides were armed. Teamster Thomas H. Tracy was the first brought to trial, charged with the murder of Deputy Jefferson Beard. At least five Wobblies (and perhaps as many as twelve) died along with two deputies on the afternoon of November 5, 1916 when Sheriff McRea and 200 armed and hastilly deputized men met the steamer Verona at the Everett dock. Encouraged that no violence had occurred, the Seattle Wobbly office sent a one-armed, 37-year old organizer, Levi Remick, to set up an IWW office in Everett on the west end of Hewitt Avenue. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of … Raising a hand, McRae asked "Who is your leader?" 4233-4242; Phil Emerson, "The International Shingle Weavers' Union," Seattle General Strike Project, University of Washington website accessed October 5, 2011 (http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/weaversdoc.htm); Frederick Bird, The Labor History Project, University of Washington website accessed November 16, 2011 (http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/NWWorker.htm); Margaret Riddle conversations with David Dilgard, Historian, Everett Public Library, October and November 2011. The ships returned to Seattle, where 74 IWW members were arrested and taken back to the Snohomish County jail. An investigating committee was formed that including Rev. As IWW leader Ralph Chaplin (1887-1961) pointed out in his 1948 book, Wobbly, when he saw the first list of those executed in the Russian purges, it contained the names of at least 100 of his IWW friends. He lived in Marysville, a small town whose economy depended largely on logging. Wobbly success with the loggers led IWW organizers to recruit laborers in the cities. In January of 1909, the Labor Journal began publication from the local union hall on Lombard Avenue, and the city even supported a Socialist Party weekly newspaper, The Commonwealth, from 1911 to 1914. Noté /5. The Wobblies had suffered in the hard times too, and when the economy rebounded they sought to rebuild their membership by supporting the Everett shingle-weavers' strike. Ironically, the two killed deputies were actually struck by "friendly fire" from their fellow deputies, who shot them in the back during the melee.Seventy-four IWW members were arrested upon their return to Seattle and put in the Snohomish County jail. Appealing to workers worldwide, they challenged the policies of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Surprisingly, the Wobblies' Everett office continued to operate undisturbed. When he was told "We are all leaders!" He wrote passionately in support of the IWW cause, but portrayed Sheriff McRae as a hopeless drunk. His book, The Everett Massacre, was intended to reveal the injustices committed against the working classes of that city. The Everett Public Library's special history collections contain photographs, oral history accounts and documents relating to The Everett Massacre. Although the lumber economy soared in 1912, the years 1914 and 1915 brought deep economic depression to the region, and the shingle-weavers' pay scale decreased. Washington state has a rich history of progressive activism - and that history has just hit a significant milestone. The Everett Massacre What Happened? The Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Because of his role in the repression of the IWW and his handling of events that led to the Everett Massacre, he was reviled by practically everyone. Ordinance No. This tactic had proved successful in several other campaigns in different US locales, sometimes establishing a precedent of non-harassment for public speaking by local authorities. The IWWs had returned to mount a "Free Speech Fight," a tactic in which the IWW would flood into a town to exercise their Constitutional public speaking right, get arrested, and overwhelm the local jails and courts. L’occupation militaire d’un pays étranger dépend toujours d’une condition préalable qui est l’accord et le soutien des classes dominantes ou de l’une ou de plusieurs fractions d’entre elles. In January 1916 shake prices began to rise, and when "clears" (the best-quality cedar shakes) hit $1.71 a square, Ernest Marsh set out to rebuild the state's branch of the Brotherhood of International Shingle Weavers of America. 13 avril 1919 : le massacre d'Amritsar divise Indiens et Britanniques - Les 400 morts d\'une manifestation non-violente relancent les revendications nationalistes en Inde The Everett Massacre of Sunday, November 5, 1916, has been called the bloodiest labor confrontation in Northwest history. Au cours d'une campagne intermittente de trente ans visant à christianiser les Saxons, il détruisit en 772 l'Irminsul, leur arbre sacré. On the evening of August 22, 1916, he measured off the required 50 feet from Hewitt Avenue, set up his speaker's platform, mounted it, and for the next 20 minutes spoke to the crowd in support of the Everett shingle weavers. A group of citizen-deputies under the authority of Snohomish County Sheriff Donald McRae (1868-?) When the Verona and Calista returned to Seattle, 74 Wobblies on board were arrested and brought back to the Snohomish County jail in Everett. In opposition to the IWW, the Seattle PI features men from Everett's Citizen Committee who were killed in the Everett Massacre. Setting a target date of May 1, the shingle-weavers union demanded a return to the 1914 wage scale. Everett's lumber-mill and shingle-mill owners increasingly resolved to control their workers. Everett workers gave money to support the Spokane cause and Wobbly speakers appeared in Everett alongside the Salvation Army at various locations on Hewitt Avenue. The photograph collection holds postcards and funeral photos of the deceased IWW members. And Wobblies were not the only passengers aboard the Verona that day. The title "shingle weaver" most strictly described workers who stacked and bundled shingles and whose agility and dexterity resembled that of a skilled weaver, but it also came to be applied to all shingle-mill workers, including sawyers, filers, and packers. This imposed restrictions on speaking locations along Hewitt Avenue, and although IWW speakers continued to speak, they did set up their soapboxes in compliance with the ordinance. The city's first industries were a paper mill, a nail factory, a whaleback bargeworks, a smelter, an iron works, and numerous lumber and shingle mills. The IWW members refused, and some were beaten at the dock. Everett's industrial elite depended more and more on Sheriff McRae to drive the Wobblies out of town, and McRae was eager to comply. Le massacre de Vitry a abouti à une croisade La jeune sœur (15 ans) de la reine s'était éprise d'un homme marié dont elle fit répudier l'épouse par un concile. Everett citizens watched the Spokane situation from afar, and industrialists and mill owners no doubt watched with trepidation. These prisoners were released. Rowan drew a large crowd of spectators, including Jake Michel (1866-1955), secretary of the Everett Building Trades, who came to argue politics. Celle-ci se réfugia chez le puissant comte Thibaut II de Champagne qui obtint du pape Innocent II l'annulation de la décision du concile. As the 300 IWW members arrived at Everett on the afternoon of November 5, 1916, they were met by a crowd of local police and over 200 armed and "deputized" citizen vigilantes. The town called for National Guard troops from Seattle, and terror hung over Everett for several days as armed deputies policed the streets. Although a good deal of the money came from the IWW, local unions and other supporters also made many generous contributions. Then Letelsia Fye of Everett mounted the platform and began reading the Declaration of Independence. Marchaterre ou le massacre du 6 décembre 1929. Even though it had rained hard all night, the committee found the area still heavily stained with blood. When they were paid, these workers could not get their checks cashed in town. Trades (or crafts) unions formed almost as soon as the city began, and while most of these languished in the Silver Panic of 1893 and the depression years that followed, by 1900 the country was once again prosperous and union strength grew.
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