They are colloquially known as "illegal outposts. [209] Even before the Al Aqsa Intifada, UNFPA estimated that 20% of pregnant West Bank women were unable to access prenatal care because of the difficulties and delays caused by crossing checkpoints, and dozens were forced to deliver their children on the roadside. For example, entrepreneurs were denied a permit for a cement factory in Hebron. Based on 1967 figures, the Palestinian Dead Sea Coastline is roughly 40 km in length, of which 15% (6 kilometres) could lend itself to the same tourist infrastructure developed by Jordan and Israel in their respective areas. [158] Thus the German cement firm quarrying at Nahal Raba paid out €430,000 ($479,000) in taxes to the Samaria Regional Council in 2014 alone. [15] Following the December 1948 Jericho Conference, Transjordan annexed the area west of the Jordan River in 1950, naming it "West Bank" or "Cisjordan", and designated the area east of the river as "East Bank" or "Transjordan". Allenby Bridge, or ‘King Hussein Bridge’, is the main port for the Palestinian in the West Bank to the Jordanian borders. In 1967 it appropriated the Palestine Archaeological Museum[e] and its library in East Jerusalem. [44] Remittances from labourers earning a wage in Israel were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years,[45] but the migration of workers from the territories had a negative impact on local industry by creating an internal labour scarcity in the West Bank and consequent pressure for higher wages there;[46] the contrast between the quality of their lives and Israelis' growing prosperity stoked resentment. Much of that fencing encloses Israeli settlements in the West Bank. [19] During the 1948 war, Israel occupied parts of what was designated in the UN partition plan as “Palestine”. West Bank The West Bank is an area located between in the Middle East between Israel and Jordan, to the north of the Dead Sea.It forms the larger half of the semi-autonomous Palestinian Territories, the smaller being the Gaza Strip. This has been attributed to the alternate fruit-bearing “on and off seasons”, coupled with poor rainfall distribution and temperature extremes during the growing cycle. The Jordanian dinar became legal tender, and remains so there today. The climate in the West Bank is mostly Mediterranean, slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. The West Bank is further divided into 8 administrative regions: Menashe (Jenin area), HaBik'a (Jordan Valley), Shomron (Shechem area, known in Arabic as Nablus), Efrayim (Tulkarm area), Binyamin (Ramallah/al-Bireh area), Maccabim (Maccabim area), Etzion (Bethlehem area) and Yehuda (Hebron area). [40] Ian Lustick states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture. In 2002, following a wave of Palestinian attacks, including suicide bombings, Israel began building the Barrier with the stated aim of preventing these attacks. [184] The West Bank Palestinians themselves have difficulties in accessing the territory for recreation. Some 2,941 flying checkpoints were rigged up along West Bank roads, averaging some 327 a month, in 2017. From 1517 through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under Ottoman rule as part of the provinces of Syria. Areas A and B are themselves divided among 227 separate areas (199 of which are smaller than 2 square kilometers (1 sq mi)) that are separated from one another by Israeli-controlled Area C. The International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of Israel have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation. It is therefore not clear why persons like. The 1993 Oslo Accords declared the final status of the West Bank to be subject to a forthcoming settlement between Israel and the Palestinian leadership. After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority. The barrier generally runs along or near the 1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/Green Line, but diverges in many places to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as East Jerusalem, Ariel, Gush Etzion, Immanuel, Karnei Shomron, Givat Ze'ev, Oranit, and Maale Adumim. West Bank growth, compared to Gaza (3%), had lagged, due to the effect of mass emigration of West Bankers seeking employment in Jordan. In 1967 the Palestinian economy had a gross domestic product of $1,349 per capita for a million people,[26] with the West Bank population at 585,500,[a] of whom 18% were refugees, and was growing annually by 2%. [201][202][203] In a similar period, the Jewish population in Area C has grown from 1,200 to 310,000.[201]. [173] As an illustrative example, a Human Rights Watch report contrasts the difference between a Palestinian-owned quarry company in Beit Fajar and that of a European one working on what Israeli considers its state land. Israel's fence garnered international condemnation, but the outrage is a clear double standard - there is nothing new about the construction of a security fence. Built in phases starting in 1994, the barrier stretches 440 miles (708 km), mostly along the 1949 Armistice 'Green' Line. Among those most commonly cited have been: The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel's leadership was illustrated when Avraham Burg, a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in The Guardian in September 2003, As of 2017, more than 620,000 Israelis live in over 200 settlements in the West Bank. The report said Palestinian presence in Area C has been continuously undermined by Israel and that state building efforts in Area C of the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the EU were of "utmost importance in order to support the creation of a contiguous and viable Palestinian state". The United States State Department also refers to the territories as occupied. The photo used to illustrate "open borders" in "Biden's America'' actually shows the border between the West Bank and Israel. [114], The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention held in Geneva on 5 December 2001 called upon "the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention." In 1975, Birzeit College (located in the town of. [210] For TAU emeritus professor of geography Elisha Efrat, they ignored the historical topography, road systems and environmental characteristics of the West Bank, and simply formed an apartheid network of "octopus arms which hold a grip on Palestinian population centres". Among those forcibly displaced or otherwise impacted are Palestine refugees, some of whom today are facing the reality of a second displacement in living memory. While the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) is no exception, with measures being imposed by both Israeli and Palestinian authorities, these have served to exacerbate longstanding access restrictions that are imposed by the Israeli authorities. [221][222][223], At certain times, Israel maintained more than 600 checkpoints or roadblocks in the region. p. 390. 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[168] In the West Bank, only 13,000 out of 85,000 m³ of wastewater were treated in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in Hebron, Jenin, Ramallah, Tulkarem and Al-Bireh. Though 164 nations refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "Occupied Palestinian Territory",[32][33] the state of Israel quotes the UN that only territories captured in war from "an established and recognized sovereign" are considered occupied territories.[34]. [161][162][163] At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper. After the 2007 split between Fatah and Hamas, the West Bank areas under Palestinian control are an exclusive part of the Palestinian Authority, while the Gaza Strip is ruled by Hamas. [2] Forests and woodland comprise just 1%, with no permanent crops.[2]. 10/06/2020. [214] These checkpoints, together with the separation wall and the restricted networks restructure the West Bank into "land cells", freezing the flow of normal everyday Palestinian lives. These materials consist of such things as sewage sludge, infectious medical waste, used oils, solvents, metals, electronic waste and batteries. ", 15,000 More Jews in Judea-Samaria in 2014, "Israel labour laws apply to Palestinian workers", "Number of Palestinians Working in Israel Doubled Over Four Years, Central Bank Says", "UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 31 December 2004", "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics", "EU ministers look to Israeli grab of Palestinian farmland", "EU report: Israel policy in West Bank endangers two-state solution". Since then some improvements have been implemented. "[149] Israel, it is argued, uses the West Bank as a "sacrifice" zone for placing 15 waste treatment plants, which are there under less stringent rules that those required in Israel because a different legal system has been organized regarding hazardous materials that can be noxious to local people and the environment. Area C (approximately 61%) is under full Israeli control. [93] There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its capture in 1967. full civil control of the Palestinian Authority, comprises Palestinian towns, and some rural areas away from Israeli settlements in the north (between Jenin, Nablus, Tubas, and Tulkarm), the south (around Hebron), and one in the center south of Salfit. [191] The Israeli Civil Administration put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012. [21][22], Many refugees continued to live in camps and relied on UNRWA assistance for sustenance. [192][193], There are 389,250 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem,[194] as well as around 375,000 living in Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem. The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. Until 2007, the Palestinian mobile market was monopolized by Jawwal. That has consequences for vaccine eligibility. 'The ban came to light after the testimony of two Israeli army reservists who said that at the beginning of their tour of duty in May they were told that the purpose of the checkpoint was to "prevent Palestinians coming from the Jordan Valley to the Dead Sea beaches".. One of the reservists, Doron Karbel, testified that as a "side note", the Jordan Valley Brigade Commander, Colonel Yigal Slovik, had said the reason for the checkpoint was that "when Jews and Palestinian vacationers were sitting on the beaches side by side it hurt the business of the surrounding, "This imposed network of roads could be characterized by lack of consideration for the existing historical road network in the region; by inappropriateness of topography; by construction in marginal areas for a small population; by land confiscation of Arab villages; by lack of a logical hierarchy of roads with defined traffic functions; and above all by the development of a new road system as a means of territorial dominance of the region. All access points are controlled by Israel and the road system, checkpoints and obstacles in place for visitors desiring to visit Palestinian towns leaves their hotels half-empty. [239] According to UNESCO, Palestinians are one of the most highly educated groups in the Middle East "despite often difficult circumstances". [citation needed] The analogous Transjordan (literally "on the other side of the River Jordan") has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the state of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River. The Barrier impedes access to services and resources, disrupts family and social life, undermines livelihoods and compounds the fragmentation of the occupied Palestinian territory. The Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local privately owned stations are also in operation. The name West Bank, however, has become the standard usage for this geopolitical entity in English and some of the other Germanic languages since its creation following the Jordanian army's conquest. Since 2002, Israel has been constructing a wall that stretches for more than 700 kilometres, annexing Palestinian land inside the occupied West Bank . Turkey, successor state to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its territorial claims in 1923, signing the Treaty of Lausanne, and the area now called the West Bank became an integral part of the British Mandate for Palestine. #West Bank; In Bartaa, which straddles West Bank border, only Israelis eligible for vaccine If Israel annexed them, it would encircle any future Palestinian state in the West Bank. [153] Palestinian towns like Salfit have been deeply affected by sewage overflow channeled past the town from the settlement of Ariel. Project Update 5 January 2021. Limited export of Palestinian goods to Israel was allowed. ', "The one center of archaeological activity that might have provided a base for Palestinian archaeologists was the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem, which was under the control not of Jordan but of trustees made up of the directors of the several foreign schools of archaeology in the city. [176][177] The lost earnings from not being allowed to process Dead Sea minerals such as potash, and for making bromide-based flame retardants, based on calculations of comparable use by Israel and Jordan, suggest a figure of $642 million. [224] [89], In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report that found that Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuse by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces of the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[90]. Israel licenses eleven settlement quarries in the West Bank and they sell 94% of their material to Israel, which arguably constitutes "depletion" and pays royalties to its West Bank military government and settlement municipalities. ", 'sacrifice zone is a geographic area that has become irrevocably impaired by environmental damage or economic neglect. The United Nations Partition Plan had envisaged two states, one Jewish and the other Arab/Palestinian, but in the wake of the war only one emerged at the time. [164], In 1995, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established by a presidential decree. of Texas, Austin), Map of Israel 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. The petition was one of 30 different petitions with the common ground of illegal land takeover and illegal construction and use of natural resources. [83] Areas A, B, and C cross the 11 governorates used as administrative divisions by the Palestinian National Authority, Israel, and the IDF and named after major cities. adds other populated rural areas, many closer to the center of the West Bank. The military authorities do not render public the details of these operations. Um Fuad, a 45-year-old registered Palestine refugee, lives with her husband and four children in Wadi al Khazrak in the northern Jenin governorate. [11] The term was chosen to differentiate the west bank of the River Jordan from the "east bank" of this river. Major human rights groups say Israel, which controls the territories' borders, is obligated to vaccinate Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza under international law. Approximately 300,000 Palestinians that live in small dispersed communities in the West Bank, Palestine, face barriers to accessing healthcare. The vast majority of the Barrier’s route is located within the West Bank, isolating Palestinian communities and farming land, and contributing to the fragmentation of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). 393 (14 June 1970), the local commander was given the power and authority to block any construction if, in his evaluation, the building might pose a danger to Israel's security. [135] Its supporters claim that the onus is now on the Palestinian Authority to fight terrorism. [119][120], In May 2012, a petition[121] was filed to the Israeli Supreme Court about the legality of more 15[121] Palestinian outposts and Palestinian building in "Area C". [2][189] However, the World Bank and American-Israeli Demographic Research Group identified a 32% discrepancy between first-grade enrollment statistics documented by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS)’ 2007 projections,[190] with questions also raised about the PCBS’ growth assumptions for the period 1997–2003. It has been argued that Israel had used the area of the West Bank as a ‘sacrifice zone’ where its waste can be dumped.." [d], Many waste treatment facilities in the West Bank were built for processing waste generated inside Israeli sovereign territory, according to B'Tselem, Israel's leading human rights organization for monitoring the West Bank. The resolution recommended partition of the British Mandate into a Jewish State, an Arab State, and an internationally administered enclave of Jerusalem;[12] a broader region of the modern-day West Bank was assigned to the Arab State. Our mission is to provide our customers the highest quality of service. The Oslo Accords, signed between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel, created administrative districts with varying levels of Palestinian autonomy within each area. of Texas, Austin), Israeli Settlements interactive map and Israeli land use, West Bank access restrictions map (highly detailed), by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bank&oldid=1022507084, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, All UN member states except the United States, Complete or partial withdrawal from the West Bank in hopes of peaceful coexistence in separate states (sometimes called the ", Maintenance of a military presence in the West Bank to reduce. Palestinian demonstrators burn tires at the Qalandia checkpoint between the West Bank town of Ramallah and Jerusalem on April 24, 2021, during a … Broadband internet service by Bezeq's ADSL and by the cable company is available as well. With the exception of East Jerusalem and the former Israeli-Jordanian no man's land, the West Bank was not annexed by Israel; it remained under Israeli military control until 1982. Even if a permit is given without this agreement, settler waste under military escort is still dumped there. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemns the many cases of journalists being injured or otherwise prevented from covering protests in the West Bank against US President Trump’s “deal of the century” peace plan, and calls on the authorities to ensure that the media are able to cover developments despite the surge in tension. The overall effect was to obstruct manufacturing development and subordinate any local industrial activity to the exigencies of Israel's economy, or to block the creation of industries that might compete with Israel's. [187] From 92 to 94 cents in every dollar of the tourist trade goes to Israel. [110] Immediately after the 1967 war Theodor Meron, legal counsel of Israel's Foreign Ministry advised Israeli ministers in a "top secret" memo that any policy of building settlements across occupied territories violated international law and would "contravene the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention". The wall is designed to allow Palestinians to pass north–south through Israeli-held land and facilitate the building of additional Jewish settlements in the Jerusalem neighborhood. [209] The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings. It demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an occupying power under the Fourth Geneva Convention. In 1948, Jordan occupied the West Bank and annexed it in 1950. Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority officially controls a geographically non-contiguous territory comprising approximately 11% of the West Bank (known as Area A) which remains subject to Israeli incursions. The Arab town of Bartaa straddles Israel’s West Bank border. In June 1967, the West Bank and East Jerusalem were captured by Israel as a result of the Six-Day War. [47] Israeli milk producers exerted pressure on the Ministry for Industry and Trade to stop the establishment of a competitive dairy in Ramallah. The number of Internet users increased from 35,000 in 2000 to 356,000 in 2010.[230]. The Jordanians neglected to invest much in the area during their time governing the area, although there was some investment in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem. The EU will support various projects to "support the Palestinian people and help maintain their presence". The Palestinian Paltel telecommunication companies provide communication services such as landline, cellular network and Internet in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Retrieved 21 December 2010. About 500,000 Israelis live in the settlements, of which there are about 130 scattered around the West Bank. In fact, when the West Bank fence was approved, Israel had already built a fence surrounding the Gaza Strip that had worked - not a single suicide bomber h… [82] Area B, 25.2%,[of what?] [157], The landfill near Al-Jiftlik in the Jericho Governorate, built on absentee Palestinian property without planning or an environment impact analysis, is for the exclusive use of waste, 1,000 tons per day, produced by Israeli settlements and cities within Israel. The Palestinian residents have legal permanent residency status. 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