R&B music can be traced back to spirituals and blues. [34] The use of tresillo was continuously reinforced by the consecutive waves of Cuban music, which were adopted into North American popular culture. [82], In 1956, an R&B "Top Stars of '56" tour took place, with headliners Al Hibbler, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, and Carl Perkins, whose "Blue Suede Shoes" was very popular with R&B music buyers. [citation needed] He was once told that "a lot of those stations still think you're a black group because the sound feels funky and black. [99] The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, Freddie King, Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. [18] Tampa Red's classic "Tight Like That" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being "tight" with someone coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues er en musikgenre, der opstod i USA.De afrikanske slaver blev hentet til Amerika i 1600–1800-tallet, og under deres fortvivlede forhold opstod en ny musikform: En blanding af deres indfødte, pentatoniske sang og den europæiske musiktradition. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).[126][127]. B. [4] The phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal". Bartholomew's 1949 tresillo-based "Oh Cubanas" is an attempt to blend African American and Afro-Cuban music. The last chord is the dominant (V) turnaround, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did. Before World War II, the boundaries between blues and jazz were less clear. Bartholomew referred to the Cuban son by the misnomer rumba, a common practice of that time. [107] From about 2005 to 2013, R&B sales declined. Go, Cat, Go! It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the so-called "AAB" pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro spirituals". [121] Champion Jack Dupree was a New Orleans blues and boogie woogie pianist who toured Europe and settled there from 1960, living in Switzerland and Denmark, then in Halifax, England in the 1970s and 1980s, before finally settling in Germany. However, when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people. A well-known big band blues tune is Glenn Miller's "In the Mood". Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as: Alligator Records, Ruf Records, Severn Records, Chess Records (MCA), Delmark Records, NorthernBlues Music, Fat Possum Records and Vanguard Records (Artemis Records). Bo Diddley has given different accounts of the riff's origins. Gordon's successor at the library was John Lomax. [73], The lively Memphis blues style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis, Tennessee, was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers. [46] Concerning the various funk motifs, Stewart states that this model "... is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle. Bebop classics, such as Charlie Parker's "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes. [13] He has used the term "R&B" as a synonym for jump blues. For instance Blind Lemon Jefferson's "Rising High Water Blues" (1927) tells of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: Backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time In a sense, clave can be distilled down to tresillo (three-side) answered by the backbeat (two-side).[51]. [61] The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music". World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. [citation needed], By the 1970s, the term "rhythm and blues" was being used as a blanket term for soul, funk, and disco.[105]. [25] With the popularity of early performers, such as Bessie Smith, use of the twelve-bar blues spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 30s. This sound has gained in popularity and created great controversy for both hip-hop and R&B in how to identify it. [76] Classic female urban and vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them "the big three"—Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Lucille Bogan. [88], In 1959, two black-owned record labels, one of which would become hugely successful, made their debut: Sam Cooke's Sar, and Berry Gordy's Motown Records. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee-Jay Records and J.O.B. Its influence on popular singing has been so widespread that, at least among males, singing and emoting have become almost identical—it is a matter of projection rather than hitting the notes.". 44–47: "As marketing categories, designations like race and, Garofalo, p. 27. Later, Reid successfully marketed Boyz II Men. [48] Ike Turner recorded "Cubano Jump" (1954) an electric guitar instrumental, which is built around several 2–3 clave figures, adopted from the mambo. [5] As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, and it came to mean a state of agitation or depression. [108] However; since 2010 Hip-Hop has started to take from the R&B sound choosing to adopt a softer smoother sound incorporating that of traditional R&B with rappers such as Drake who has opened an entire new door for the genre. 188, 210, 212–214 Hyperion Press. The simple but expressive forms of the blues became by the 1960s one of the most important influences on the development of popular music throughout the United States. Blues. Then throw your body back and ride. The first blues songs were called Delta blues. Kevin Moore: "There are two common ways that the three-side [of clave] is expressed in Cuban popular music. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. As the recording industry grew, country blues performers like Bo Carter, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Red and Blind Blake became more popular in the African American community. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy,[3] as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, economics, and aspirations. Unlike mainstream country music, bluegrass is traditionally played on acoustic stringed instruments.Bluegrass has roots in traditional English, Scottish and Irish ballads and dance tunes, and … "[9]:173, In 1954 the Chords' "Sh-Boom"[75] became the first hit to cross over from the R&B chart to hit the top 10 early in the year. Jump blues grew up from the boogie woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. [31] There are examples of tresillo-like rhythms in some African American folk music such as the hand-clapping and foot-stomping patterns in ring shout, post-Civil War drum and fife music, and New Orleans second line music. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B.[86]. Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including Arhoolie Records, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (heir of Folkways Records), and Yazoo Records (Shanachie Records).[119]. The music of the civil rights movement[108] and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. Two CD set featuring 35 of the duo's greatest recordings in one package. Der Blues ist kein Klagelied, sondern eine poetisch-musikalische Form des Ausdrucks sozialer Erfahrungen im "[41] In the late 1940s, this changed somewhat when the two-celled time line structure was brought into the blues. [122] Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the Golden Gate Quartet. [27] Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. John Belushi (alias le chanteur « Joliet » Jake E. Blues) et Dan Aykroyd (alias le chanteur et joueur d'harmonica Elwood J. Blues)1, tous les deux membres de l'équipe originale de l'émission de télévision Saturday Night Live (SNL) de la chaîne NBC, créent The Blues Brothers et leurs identités alternatives au début de 1976 pour chauffer le public du SNL. According to Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records, sales were localized in African-American markets; there was no white sales nor white radio play. Blues guitarist and vocalist Keb' Mo' performed his blues rendition of "America, the Beautiful" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series The West Wing. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which t… The first extensive research in the field was performed by Howard W. Odum, who published an anthology of folk songs from Lafayette County, Mississippi, and Newton County, Georgia, between 1905 and 1908. He recalls first hearing the figure – as a bass pattern on a Cuban disc.[38]. The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, and saxophone. [41] All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from twelve-, eight-, or sixteen-bar. She Caught the Katy : Taj Mahal, Rachell: The Blues Brothers avec Jake Blues au chant: 4:10: 2. [114] The Rolling Stones covered Bobby Womack & the Valentinos'[117] song It's All Over Now", giving them their first UK number one in 1964. "[43] Longhair's particular style was known locally as rumba-boogie. King's singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". [68] In the early twentieth century, W.C. In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music, reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the Second Great Migration, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. For example, 40% of 1952 sales at Dolphin's of Hollywood record shop, located in an African-American area of Los Angeles, were to whites. Films dealing with blues history or prominently featuring blues music as a theme include: St. Louis Blues (1929): the only short movie with Bessie Smith; Blues in the Night (1941) Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) A Face in the Crowd (1957) Sounder (1972) Lady Sings The Blues (1972): about Billie Holiday; Leadbelly (1976): biographical film about Huddie William Ledbetter; The Blues Brothers … Die Septime als Blue … Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a bluegrass beat. King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. [108] Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. Blues became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners. [70] The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues. In 1986 the album Strong Persuader announced Robert Cray as a major blues artist. [14] However, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of R&B's stronger gospel influences. [105] Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly Blues Music Awards, previously named W.C. Other blues artists, such as John Lee Hooker had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. [79], R&B was also a strong influence on Rock and roll according to many sources, including an article in the Wall Street Journal in 1985 titled, "Rock! L.A. Reid, the CEO of LaFace Records, was responsible for some of R&B's greatest successes in the 1990s in the form of Usher, TLC and Toni Braxton. It combines rhythm and blues with elements of pop, soul, funk, disco, hip hop, and electronic music. [59] However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as Papa Charlie Jackson and later Gus Cannon. In Harlem or Havana, you can kiss the old Savannah. [8], In 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that John James Audubon wrote to his wife that he "had the blues". In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors Charley Patton and Son House. [95][96] By the early 1960s, the music industry category previously known as rhythm and blues was being called soul music, and similar music by white artists was labeled blue eyed soul. These songs came from the area near the mouth of the Mississippi River. "Go Cat Go!" [13] This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an Igbo origin for blues because of the reputation the Igbo had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved.[14][15]. [21] The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as Charley Patton and Skip James, included religious songs or spirituals. [115] In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as Living Blues and Blues Revue were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and[116] more nightclubs and venues for blues emerged. Songs from this genre include "Scratch my Back", "She's Tough" and "I'm a King Bee". University of Illinois Press. Nr. Boogie-Woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato or riff and shifts of level in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Garofalo, pp. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. "[52] Johnny Otis' "Willie and the Hand Jive" (1958) is another example of this successful blend of 3–2 claves and R&B. [9] Also in that year, "The Huckle-Buck", recorded by band leader and saxophonist Paul Williams, was the number one R&B tune, remaining on top of the charts for nearly the entire year. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, and often hypnotic textures while calling attention to no individual sound.