[334] Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young Haredim are leaving in higher numbers. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20 km (12 miles) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. [213][220][221] Only the United Kingdom and Pakistan formally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on a de facto basis. Only two countries around the world, Guatemala and El Salvador, have recognized it as such. Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, Brill, 2001, p. 155, Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3. [82] Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" or "Maqdisi", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.[83]. [73][74] Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and to represent the biblical Land of Israel. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.[172]. [citation needed] The order designated these areas for public use, but they were intended for Jews alone. [382], Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. Religious Beliefs", "The Water Supply of Jerusalem, Ancient and Modern", "Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls", "Mean Daily Sunshine on each month for Jerusalem, Israel", "Roads to Jerusalem closed as huge storm batters Israel", "Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot", "Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion", "Long Term Climate Information for Israel", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Table 3. US President Donald Trump called Jerusalem the capital of Israel on December 6 and began the process of moving his country’s embassy to the city. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law" (Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Iain Scobbie (eds. [330] Only 8.5% of the Jerusalem District work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). [note 3][12], Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. [446] The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Center (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. Poll: 72% of Jewish Israelis view J'lem as divided, "Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem", "Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998", "Knesset Proclaims Jerusalem As Israel's Capital; Mapam and Herut Abstain from Voting", "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel", "Guatemala embassy in Israel opens in Jerusalem", "President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel", "Trump Declares Jerusalem as Israel's Capital", Arabs, Europe, U.N. reject Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital, US forced to veto UN resolution condemning Trump's decision on Jerusalem, "UN rejects Trump's Jerusalem declaration", "UN General Assembly rejects Trump's Jerusalem move", "Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. [170] Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque. [171] He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Jerusalem. Robb Andrew Young, Hezekiah in History and Tradition, p. 49. 38,000 graves in the Jewish Cemetery were destroyed, and Jews were forbidden from being buried there. According to Israeli law, Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. [386] During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of Jerusalem stone in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city. But only the Jewish people have been inextricably bound up with the city for 3000 years. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims. [241], Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a plateau in the Judaean Mountains, which include the Mount of Olives (East) and Mount Scopus (North East). 2010. [19], Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighborhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.[272]. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region was challenged in the First Jewish–Roman War, which ended with a Roman victory. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. Sharpe, 2007 | p. 27, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Some government buildings are located in Kiryat Menachem Begin. [172], When the Arab armies under Umar went to Bayt Al-Maqdes in 637 CE, they searched for the site of al-masjid al-aqsa, "the farthest place of prayer/mosque", that was mentioned in the Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. [452] Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. … Zion 3. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighborhood has one, and universities. Jerusalem blessed, Jerusalem cursed: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy City from David's time to our own. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902).[204]. [101], The South-Eastern Hill, also known as the City of David, is the initial nucleus of historical Jerusalem. The name Jerusalem means "foundation of (or for) Salem", but it is universally understood by Jews as "City of Shalom" -­ Ir Shalom. [413], Al-Quds University was established in 1984[414] to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. [136] Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship. Jerusalem has been the capital since 1967. [429][430], The national cemetery of Israel is located at the city's western edge, near the Jerusalem Forest on Mount Herzl. [390][391][392] The skyscrapers built throughout the city are expected to contain public space, shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, and it has been speculated that this may lead to a revitalization of downtown Jerusalem. [443] Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art. For years, US policy has been to avoid declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel in the absence of an Israeli-Palestinian peace deal, as the Palestinians also claim Jerusalem as their capital. [416] Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a 190,000-square-metre (47-acre) Abu Dis campus.[414]. Jerusalem (/dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القُدس‎ al-Quds or Bayt al-Maqdis, also spelled Baitul Muqaddas[10][11][note 2]) is a city in Western Asia, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-kilometer (22 mi) ring road around the city, fostering faster connection between the suburbs. Jaffa 2. 22, No. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation. 37% of the population is Palestinian, but in 2014 not more than 10% of tax revenues were allocated for them. Shiloh . From 1260[189] to 1517, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi)[314] away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states. 105–107, Laskier, Michael "Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956–70" pp. Areas of discord have included whether the Palestinian flag can be raised over areas of Palestinian custodianship and the specificity of Israeli and Palestinian territorial borders. Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's), Rendsberg, Gary (2008). In West Bank and East Jerusalem, thousands of Palestinians took to the streets to demonstrate against Trump’s decision. Clifford, Clark, "Counsel to the President: A Memoir", 1991, p. 20. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%. [192], In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917. Route 60 runs through the center of the city near the Green Line between East and West Jerusalem. [308] The city falls under the Jerusalem District, with Jerusalem as the district's capital. Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. [439] In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the Beit 'Anan suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people[445], The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem. For years, US policy has been to avoid declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel in the absence of an Israeli-Palestinian peace deal, as the Palestinians also claim Jerusalem as their capital. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. … ". Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public. Only 21% of Jewish residents are secular. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." capital of Israel - capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom. Fans include political figures who often attend its games. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel. Only Israel doesn’t have a capital—that is, a capital recognized by the world. The western extension of Mount Herzl is the Mount of Remembrance, where the main Holocaust museum of Israel is located. The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace",[49][53] "Abode of Peace",[54][55] "dwelling of peace" ("founded in safety"),[56] alternately "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors. Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's), Rendsberg, Gary (2008). [431] It houses an estimated 100,000 books and articles. [312], Jerusalem is 60 kilometers (37 mi)[313] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare will react with beneficent force for the good of humanity.". Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa. 6–7). ", "Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence", "Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News", "Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks", Trends in world military expenditure, 2016, "The U.S.-Israel Memorandum of Misunderstanding", Israel reveals more than $7 billion in arms sales, but few names, "List of OECD Member countries — Ratification of the Convention on the OECD", The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018, Tel Aviv Stock Exchange inaugurates trading in new building, "Israel's International Investment Position (IIP), June 2015", "Microsoft Israel R&D center: Leadership", "Instead of 4 work days: 6 optional days to be considered half day-outs", "Israel's technology industry: Punching above its weight", "Tiny Israel a Nobel heavyweight, especially in chemistry", "Israel's scientific fall from grace: Study shows drastic decline in publications per capita", "Futron Releases 2012 Space Competitiveness Index", "Israel's domestic satellite industry saved", "Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran", "Learning Hebrew Online – Colonel Ilan Ramon", "Israel solves water woes with desalination", "Aided by the Sea, Israel Overcomes an Old Foe: Drought", "What You Israelis Have Done With Water Tech is Simply Amazing", "Desalination plant could make Israel water exporter", "Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel's future", "Solar Water Heating: How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas", "Will Israel's Electric Cars Change the World? [102] Some call the site of this first settlement, the Ophel ridge. Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel. capital of Israel - capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom. This week the U.S. officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of the modern state of Israel. Israel's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although international recognition of the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem is limited. [259][260][261][262] Under the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a corpus separatum administered by the United Nations. 1137–1141. [81], In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary". 6–7). In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. Al Quds, city (1994 pop. The two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball. Other Jewish neighborhoods were built within East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews also settled in Arab neighborhoods. Shiloh was first settled about 700 years before the era of the Judges, but had been abandoned before... 2. [214][215] Arab residents of Katamon, Talbiya, and the German Colony were driven from their homes. [246][247], The annexation of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites,[226] and restrictions were imposed on the Christian population that led many to leave the city. [442] The Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny kohl flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there. According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth[363] and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple. Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,000-room hotel. American Friends of the Tel Aviv University. Israel passed Jerusalem law in 1980, and this declared Jerusalem complete and the capital of Israel. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders. [270] A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city. The United States continues to take no position on any final status issues. See, "Massive Israel protests hit universities" (Egyptian Mail, 16 March 2010) "According to most Egyptians, almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country", Ziv, Guy, "To Disclose or Not to Disclose: The Impact of Nuclear Ambiguity on Israeli Security," Israel Studies Forum, Vol. The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews. Seat of the President, the Knesset, the Government and the... 2. [citation needed], Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city. [118], The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as Nebuchadnezzar's Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple and the city. [330] Poverty remains a problem in the city as 37% of the families in Jerusalem lived in 2011 below the poverty line. [330] To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem. [361][362], Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its Old Testament history, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus. The western sector of Jerusalem became Israel's capital. President Trump legitimizing Israel’s desire of having Jerusalem as their capital is simply one political entity allying with another against common enemies. [119], This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion,[120] but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel. [281] On 6 December 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue. The Israel Broadcasting Authority's main office is located in Jerusalem, as well as the TV and radio studios for Israel Radio, Channel 2, Channel 10, and part of the radio studios of BBC News. In 2015, Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents, comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis, 350,000 Haredi Jews and 300,000 Palestinians. What is the capital of Israel? Jerusalem is the seat of the President of the State, the Knesset, the Government and the Supreme Court. Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). [339][340] Palestinians are attracted to the access to jobs, healthcare, social security, other benefits, and quality of life Israel provides to Jerusalem residents. [269] However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided". Former Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, often said, “Jerusalem is the eternal, undivided capital of the nation of Israel and the Jewish people.” On the other hand, the Palestinian Authority, with the help of some world politicians, wants to divide the city and create a Palestinian State with Abu Dis in eastern Jerusalem as its capital. [421] Schools in Ras el-Amud and Umm Lison opened in 2008. Many Jews have "Mizrach" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer. [175] Jerusalem was captured in 1073 by the Seljuk Turkish commander Atsız. On the one hand, it has wonderful markets and a very authentic feeling. [415] New York Bard College and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house the Palestinian Legislative Council and Yasser Arafat's office. The Jerusalem Central Bus Station, located on Jaffa Road, is the busiest bus station in Israel. Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, Israel Finkelstein, Amihay Mazar, Brian B. Schmidt, (eds.). [15] In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca. [75] Other early Hebrew sources,[76] early Christian renderings of the verse[77] and targumim,[78] however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. [422] In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. [196] In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem. [210] The university has produced several Nobel laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include Avram Hershko,[406] David Gross,[407] and Daniel Kahneman. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,[367] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city. ), Usiel Oskar Schmelz, in Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history, Gad G. Gilbar, Brill Archive, 1990, Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. Today Jerusalem suffers from incessant violence and lives under the threat of open warfare. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague. 2, p. 531. Of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, half were either razed or converted to stables and hen-houses over the course of the next 19 years, including the Hurva and the Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue. [194], The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city. [433] The International Convention Center (Binyanei HaUma) near the entrance to city houses the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. [387], Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. Arabic previously had been an official language of the State of Israel. Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews. Neither claim, however, is widely recognized internationally. [343][344] In addition, increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in Jerusalem. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. Jerusalem is the largest city … 578,800), capital of Israel. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups. Arab neighborhoods in East Jerusalem and routes between Jerusalem and locations in the West Bank are served by the East Jerusalem Central Bus Station, a transportation hub located near the Old City's Damascus Gate. An estimated minimum of 30,000 people had become refugees.[216][217]. Israel's capital city is Jerusalem (limited recognition). Most countries keep embassies in Tel Aviv. [203] Until the 1880s there were no formal Jewish orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. Israel left the Temple Mount under the jurisdiction of an Islamic waqf, but opened the Western Wall to Jewish access. [102][14] There, the Gihon Spring attracted shepherds who camped near the water between 6000 and 7000 years ago, leaving behind ceramics and flint artifacts[14] during the Chalcolithic, or Copper Age (c. 4500–3500 BCE). [155], In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. [333], In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former Soviet Union. In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. [25] Although not mentioned in the Torah / Pentateuch,[358] it is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at Safra Square (Kikar Safra) on Jaffa Road. [27][28][29] The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint[30] which Christians adopted as their own authority,[31] was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion there. Former Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, often said, “Jerusalem is the eternal, undivided capital of the nation of Israel and the Jewish people.” On the other hand, the Palestinian Authority, with the help of some world politicians, wants to divide the city and create a Palestinian State with Abu Dis in eastern Jerusalem as its capital. [422] Arab high school students take the Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the Haram al-Sharif, as the capital of the State of Palestine,[268] The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. [210], As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the 1947 UN Partition Plan recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the UN. Jordan allowed Arab Palestinian refugees from the war to settle in the vacated Jewish Quarter, which became known as Harat al-Sharaf. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish men who work, 47%, is exceeded by the percentage of Jewish women who work, 50%. After Artuk's death in 1091 his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi governed in the city up to 1098 when the Fatimids recaptured the city. '", Rainer Reisner, 'Synagogues in Jerusalem,' in, Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. Agreements for the supply of water, electricity, and the construction of a tramway system—all under concessions granted by the Ottoman authorities—had been signed by the city of Jerusalem and a Greek citizen, Euripides Mavromatis, on 27 January 1914. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945. The route is from Pisgat Ze'ev in the north via the Old City and city center to Mt. [84] Israeli or Jewish nationalists claim a right to the city based on Jewish indigeneity to the land, particularly their origins in and descent from the Israelites, for whom Jerusalem is their capital, and their yearning for return. [25][26] The sobriquet of holy city (עיר הקודש, transliterated 'ir haqodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. [332] Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law. 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